Lated stroke, little is known about the determinants of stroke phenotype in this type of ischemic stroke. It was recently reported that the admission INR in preadmission warfarin users was inversely correlated with infarct volume as a result PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14960617 of the formation of a more fragile embolus, earlier recanalization or acceleration of thrombolysis [7]. In the present study, only 27 (9.8 ) of 275 patients had appropriate anticoagulation as indicatedOh et al. BMC Neurology 2011, 11:107 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/11/Page 4 ofTable 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics among the infarct volume quartile groupsQuartile of DWI lesion volumes, ml Q1 (< 3.1) n = 58 NISS score on admission Vascular risk factors Age Male gender Hypertension Diabetes Previous TIA/stroke CHADS2*score 0-1 2-3 4-5 Dysrhythmia Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation Concomitant valvular heart disease Heart rate (/min) Medications prior to onset Antiplatelet agents user Warfarin user Laboratory findings D-dimer, mg/dL Fibrinogen, mg/dL C-reactive protein, mg/dL Prothrombin Time, INR Transthoracic echocardiogram finding Left ventricular ejection fraction, Left atrium size, ml E/e' ratio DT, ms 62.1 ?9.8 48.0 ?8.8 13.20 ?6.25 230.5 ?153.6 59.7 ?12.4 46.5 ?9.4 16.76 ?9.85 248.3 ?154.5 60.2 ?8.5 47.8 ?8.6 13.84 ?8.06 207.3 ?115.8 56.1 ?15.4 46.5 ?7.2 14.52 ?9.00 216.1 ?114.2 0.020 0.660 0.839 0.925 26(45.6 ) 7(12.1 ) 1.51 ?2.85 320.0 ?83.9 1.13 ?2.95 1.07 ?0.11 20(34.5 ) 9(15.5 ) 2.01 ?3.31 303.0 ?79.2 0.69 ?1.78 1.10 ?0.12 26(47.3 ) 4(6.9 ) 3.45 ?12.87 335.5 ?81.9 0.95 ?2.04 1.06 ?0.11 19(33.3 ) 8(14.0 ) 2.06 ?3.35 346.6 ?100.2 0.80 ?1.31 1.06 ?0.10 0.229 0.610 0.035 0.122 0.068 0.373 22(37.9 ) 5(8.8 ) 78.1 ?19.2 22(37.9 ) 9(15.5 ) 82.9 ?21.6 20(34.5 ) 5(8.6 ) 85.1 ?21.4 18(31.6 ) 5(8.9 ) 84.2 ?23.2 0.476 0.663 0.480 28(48.3. ) 22(37.9 PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3081428 ) 8(13.8 ) 24(41.4 ) 27(6.6 ) 7(12.1 ) 25(43.1 ) 28(48.3 ) 5(8.6 ) 25(43.9 ) 24(42.1 ) 8(14.0 ) 4.0 ?3.9 69.0 ?10.9 24(41.4 ) 41(70.7 ) 10(17.2 ) 18(31.0 ) Q2 (3.1-11.8) n = 58 8.1 ?6.1 70.0 ?11.1 26(44.8 ) 41(70.7 ) 13(22.4 ) 15(25.9 4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-2-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane ) Q3 (11.9-44.2) n = 58 10.8 ?6.5 72.5 ?10.4 32(55.2 ) 42(72.4 ) 7(12.1 ) 13(22.4 ) Q4 (> 44.2) n = 57 15.1 ?6.8 69.5 ?11.7 36(63.2 ) 36(63.2 ) 14(24.6 ) 13(22.8 ) P (Q4 vs. others)< 0.001 0.547 0.036 0.250 0.222 0.585 0.*In CHADS2, S indicates prior stroke or transient ischemic attack.by an INR above 1.6 [6]. Because of that small number and since we wanted to identify factors in addition to INR level that may influence the phenotypic presentation of stroke, 3-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)propan-1-amine we focused on patients who showed inadequate anticoagulation. The results of our study indicated that INR levels below the therapeutic range (< 1.6) were not correlated with infarct volumes, suggesting that only the therapeutic range of anticoagulation can modify the occurrence of stroke and phenotype in patients with AF [29]. In the present study, 91 (39.3 ) patients were taking antiplatelet agents before admission. The use of antiplatelet agents before admission was also not related to the stroke phenotypes in the present study. We next investigated the association of well-known risk factors for ischemic stroke and stroke phenotypes in patients with AF. Among the patients with AF, the absolute risk of stroke varies depending on patient age and other clinical features (associated stroke risk factors). TheCHADS 2 score, which is the clinical prediction rule for estimating the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic AF, is the risk stratification sche.